Communication and Panic Behaviour in Emergency Situations

Some municipalities have acquired emergencyamong them.
notification tools in order to notify rapidly theThis is a good example of lost opportunity to
population in disaster situations. In many casescommunicate intelligently with the population. While
worst case scenarios have been imagined, anda small number of people knew, that there was
multi-channel notification systems assist a localbasically no flood risk, the local population, but also
emergency manager in informing the citizen incitizens working in an office miles away from
case of eventual evacuations.home were kept in the dark about the evolution
Municipalities often forget, or decide to ignore thatof the events. Outside, roads were still blocked,
these systems should also be used to keepend of day traffic jams were still on.
population informed in other situations thanIn our debriefing meeting, we made following
earthquakes, nuclear accidents or floods. Whencomments: the right thing to do would have been
we advise our customers, one of the commentsto send emails, SMS or voice calls to the
given regularly by local authorities is:population subscribed to the notification solution
"We did not use your alert management systeminforming them, that the worst had been seen,
[AlarmTILT], because we did not want to spreadand that there was no flood risk anymore. Also,
panic among the members of the public."immediately when set up, the hotline number
According to Jeannette Sutton, a disastershould have been transmitted (actually, the hotline
sociologist working with the Natural Hazardsnumber was delivered by local TV channels at
Center of the University of Colorado, emprirical8pm, 3 hours after the events, when danger was
research has shown that members of the publicover!). People at home would have felt safer,
do not panic, or very rarely, in the context ofalthough at their doors, emergency services were
disaster. They will need as much information assecuring the streets. Members of the public living
possible to assess their situation, and to be ablethere, but at work elsewhere, would have been
to take protective measures for themselves andreassured as they would have received the
their families. This also explains why, invariably,message giving them updated info on the
after a major incident (power outage, watersituation. Furthermore, they would have known,
pollution problem, flood) there are so manythat main roads to their municipality were blocked,
complaints issued by the public about how poorand could have looked for alternative routes.
communication from authorities worked,Using emergency notification intelligently means a
particularly at local level.commitment by the local crisis manager to
On Friday 23rd January 2009, heavy rains fellevaluate at all times the pros and cons to deliver
over Luxembourg. Around 3pm the situation wasan important information to local citizens. In doubt,
dangerous for a municipality using our services,he/she should always prefer to deliver the
with a risk of floods from nearby rivermessage. If it happens the information was
threatening hundreds of homes. The mayor hadincomplete or wrong, he can always rectify later.
called his crisis management team, and wasIf not delivered, it is much more difficult to handle
receiving first hand information from emergencyproperly at later stage. If a big storm is about to
services (our 112 coordinator) and from the localhit a community, it is always better to inform the
meteorological centre. They had prepared anpublic early enough. If in the end the storm does
evacuation message to the affected people to benot come, people won't mind, if a follow up
broadcast via our solution. A hotline was set up tomessage is sent as soon as possible to say so.
give hour-by-hour rain and river level information.Not sending the information "fearing panic
Outside, first response teams and fire brigadesbehaviour in the area" will create distrust into the
were blocking roads at risk and diverting thecommunication system in place, especially if the
traffic. By 5 pm the weather centre declared thepublic is aware that an advanced emergency
rain was about to stop over Luxembourg. Rivernotification tool is in place. Informing intelligently
limnimeters showed water levels were regressing.does not create panic, as Jeannette Sutton puts it
Relieved, the mayor did not issue any messagecorrectly, it reduces fear and uncertainty.
to the public. He did not want to create panic